- HEIC / HEIF
- High Efficiency Image Container/Format — Apple's default iPhone photo format since iOS 11. It uses the HEVC video codec for still image compression, achieving roughly half the file size of JPG at equivalent visual quality, but lacks native support on Windows and Android without third-party codecs.
- libheif
- An open-source C library for reading and writing HEIC/HEIF files, developed by the same team behind the reference HEVC implementation. This tool uses a WebAssembly build of libheif to decode HEIC files entirely inside the browser without a server-side installation.
- Apple Photos format
- The term sometimes used informally for HEIC, since Apple adopted it as the default capture format across all iPhones and iPads in 2017. It is not Apple's proprietary invention — it is a standardised container format from the MPEG standards body.
- JPG / JPEG
- Joint Photographic Experts Group — the most universally supported lossy image format, introduced in 1992. Every operating system, browser, camera, printer, and web platform can read JPG files natively, making it the safe choice when compatibility matters more than file size efficiency.
- Universal compatibility
- The ability of a file format to be opened by any device, operating system, or application without installing extra codecs or plugins. JPG achieved near-universal compatibility in the early 2000s; HEIC is still working toward it in 2025.
- Conversion quality
- A 1-100 value controlling how aggressively the output JPG is compressed. Higher quality values preserve more image detail at the cost of larger file sizes. Quality 92 is visually lossless for most photography; quality 75 is suitable for web and email attachments.