- Permissive license
- An open source license that imposes minimal restrictions on reuse. MIT, ISC, BSD, and Apache 2.0 are all permissive — they allow commercial use, modification, and redistribution with minimal obligations like attribution.
- Copyleft
- A licensing mechanism that requires derivative works and distributions of the software to carry the same license. GNU GPL licenses are the most common example, ensuring that freedom is preserved in downstream versions.
- SPDX identifier
- A standardised short string defined by the Software Package Data Exchange specification used to identify licenses in machine-readable form, such as MIT, Apache-2.0, or GPL-3.0-only.
- Patent grant
- An explicit clause in a license (present in Apache 2.0) that grants recipients a royalty-free license to any patents held by the licensor that are necessary to use the software, reducing patent litigation risk.
- Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
- A legal agreement signed by contributors that grants the project owner rights to use, relicense, or commercialise contributions. CLAs give maintainers flexibility but add friction for contributors.
- OSI-approved license
- A license certified by the Open Source Initiative as meeting the Open Source Definition. OSI approval signals that a license grants the freedoms expected by the open source community and is widely recognised by downstream users and organisations.