- Minification
- The process of removing all characters from source code that are not required for execution or rendering — spaces, newlines, comments — to reduce file size without changing behaviour.
- Critical CSS
- The subset of CSS rules needed to render above-the-fold content. Inlined in <head> to eliminate a render-blocking stylesheet request; must be aggressively minified.
- Gzip
- A lossless compression algorithm applied by web servers to text assets before transfer. Works best on repetitive text; minified CSS compresses even further with gzip enabled.
- Custom Property
- A CSS variable declared with a -- prefix, e.g. --color-brand, that can be referenced with var(). Preserved by minifiers because the value is semantic, not formatting.
- @keyframes
- A CSS at-rule that defines animation keyframe stops. Minifiers must understand @keyframes block structure to avoid accidentally collapsing percentage values into invalid syntax.
- Whitespace Collapsing
- Reducing consecutive spaces, tabs, and newlines in source code to nothing (or a single space where required by syntax) — the primary technique behind CSS minification.